{"id":1196,"date":"2024-01-19T22:03:44","date_gmt":"2024-01-19T17:03:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yarat.uz\/?p=1196"},"modified":"2025-03-19T15:27:04","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T10:27:04","slug":"qiymat-turlari-ozgaruvchilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yarat.uz\/?p=1196","title":{"rendered":"Qiymat turlari. O’zgaruvchilar. Struktura"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

QIYMAT TURLARI
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qiymat turi<\/strong> – dasturlarda qo’llaniladigan qiymatlarning o’zgarish oralig’i va qiymat qabul qilish sohasini bildiruvchi axborot.<\/p>\n

Qiymati turidan kelib chiqib axborotning hajmi turlicha bo’lishi mumkin va u baytlarda o’lchanadi.<\/p>\n

bayt<\/strong> – xotiraning dastur tomonidan uning nomi yoki manzili bo’yicha murojaat qilish mumkin bo’lgan minimal bloki hajmi.<\/p>\n

bit<\/strong> – xotira elementar katagining holatini ifodalovchi axborot birligi.<\/p>\n

1 bayt = 8 bit.<\/strong> Barcha raqamlar va belgilarning kodi bit birligi orqali ifodalanadi. 1 bayt xotiraga saqlash mumkin bo’lgan qiymatlarning maksimal soni 2^8=256 ga teng (0 dan 255 gacha). Har bir raqam yoki belgining hajmi 1 baytga teng. Demak, ikkilik sanoq tizimidagi 00000001<\/strong> bilan 11111111<\/strong> qiymatlarida ifodalangan belgining hajmi 1 bayt bo’lsa-da, ular bir-biridan farqlanadi, ularni ma’lumot uzatish tarmoqlari orqali uzatish tezligi ham keskin farq qiladi. Shuning uchun ham tarmoqlar orqali ma’lumot uzatish tezligini ifodalashda ham bayt\/sekund<\/strong> birligidan emas, bit\/sekund<\/strong> (bod) birligidan foydalaniladi.<\/p>\n

2 bayt = 16 bit = 2^16 = 65 536.<\/strong><\/p>\n

4 bayt = 32 bit = 2^32 = 4 294 967 296.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Turli qiymat turlari xotiradan turlicha joy talab qilishi mumkin.<\/p>\n

Arduinoda qo’llaniladigan qiymat turlari va ularning qo’llanish sohasi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Qiymat turining asosiy nomi, ifodalanishi
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n		Alternativ nomi va ifodalanishi
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n		O’lchami<\/strong><\/td>\nQiymat oralig’i<\/strong><\/td>\nXususiyati<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
boolean<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
bool<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
1 bayt<\/td>\n0<\/strong> yoki 1<\/strong>, LOW<\/strong> yoki HIGH<\/strong>, false<\/strong> yoki true<\/strong><\/td>\nMantiqiy o’zgaruvchilar uchun qo’llaniladi. bool<\/strong> 1 bayt joy talab qiladi (1 bit emas!)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
char<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\u2013<\/td>\n1 bayt<\/td>\n-128\u2026 127<\/td>\nASCII belgilar jadvalidagi belgining tartib raqamini (kodini) saqlaydi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2013<\/td>\n\n
int8_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
1 bayt<\/td>\n-128\u2026 127<\/td>\nIshorali (musbat va manfiy) butun sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
byte<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
uint8_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
1 bayt<\/td>\n0\u2026 255<\/td>\nIshorasiz (faqat musbat) butun sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
int<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
int16_t<\/span>, <\/span>short<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
2 bayt<\/td>\n-32 768\u2026 32 767<\/td>\nIshorasiz butun sonlar. ESP32\/8266 larda 4 bayt!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
unsigned<\/span> int<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
uint16_t<\/span>, word<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
2 bayt<\/td>\n0\u2026 65 535<\/td>\nIshorali butun sonlar. ESP32\/8266 larda 4 bayt!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
long<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
int32_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
4 bayt<\/td>\n-2 147 483 648\u2026\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2 147 483 647<\/td>\nIshorali butun sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
unsigned<\/span> long<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
uint32_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
4 bayt<\/td>\n0\u2026 4 294 967 295<\/td>\nIshorasiz butun sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
float<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
–<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
4 bayt<\/td>\n-3.4E+38 3.4E+38<\/td>\nIshorali kasr sonlar. Aniqligi 6-7 ta belgigacha, ya’ni 100% emas!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
double<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
–<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
4 bayt<\/td>\n-1.7E+308.. 1.7E+308<\/td>\nAVR uchun float<\/strong> bilan bir xil. Aslida 8 baytga teng.
\nESP va ayrim 32 bitli mikrokontrollerlarda 8 bayt, aniqlik 15-16 belgigacha.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
–<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
int64_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
8 bayt<\/td>\n-(2^64)\/2\u2026 (2^64)\/2-1<\/td>\nIshorali butun sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
–<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
uint64_t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
8 bayt<\/td>\n2^64-1<\/td>\nIshorasiz sonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

bool<\/strong> (boolean) – 0 yoki 1 qiymatini qabul qiladi, 1 dan katta qiymatni ham 1 sifatida qabul qiladi.<\/p>\n

Har bir qiymat turining maksimal qiymati konstantalarda ham saqlanadi. Ular quyidagilar:<\/p>\n